This is an upper ontology based on ISO-15926. A [role_and_domain] is a [class] that specifies the domain and role for an end of a [class_of_relationship] or [class_of_multidimensional_object]. NOTE A [role_and_domain] is analogous to specifying an EXPRESS attribute or its inverse. EXAMPLE. "Husband and man" and "wife and woman" are examples of [role_and_domain]. A [scale] is a [class_of_isomorphic_functional_mapping] whose members are members of [property_quantification]. It indicates the [number_space] a [property_space] maps to for the [scale] in question. EXAMPLE. The link that is known as the Celsius scale between the [class_of_number] [-273, inf] and the [class_of_property] temperature can be represented by an instance of [scale]. A [property_range] is a [property_space] that is a continuous subset of a [single_property_dimension]. EXAMPLE. -10C to +20C is a [property_range] of temperature. A [crystalline_structure] is a [class_of_arranged_individual] that is a form in which many simple elements and their natural compounds regularly aggregate by the operation of natural affinity: it has a definite internal structure, with the external form of a solid enclosed by a number of symmetrically arranged plane faces, and varying in simplicity from the cube to much more complicated geometric bodies. EXAMPLE. Ferritic, martensitic, and austenitic are examples of [crystalline_structure]. A [single_property_dimension] is a [property_space] that is a single and complete continuum of properties each of which maps to a single number. EXAMPLE. Temperature, pressure, viscosity, and length are examples of [single_property_dimension]. A [whole_life_individual] is a [possible_individual] that is a member of a [class_of_individual], and is not a temporal part of any other [possible_individual] that is also a member of the same [class_of_individual]. A [whole_life_individual] includes its past and future. NOTE. A possible future temporal part of the [whole_life_individual] is a [possible_individual] that is related to the [whole_life_individual] by a [temporal_whole_part] relation. EXAMPLE 1. A plastic cup (bounded by its creation and destruction [event]s) can be represented by an instance of [whole_life_individual]. The cup whilst it stands on this table is a temporal part of this [whole_life_individual]. EXAMPLE 2. The universe for all time is a [whole_life_individual]. A [class_of_property] is a [class_of_class_of_individual] whose members are instances of [property]. EXAMPLE. 'Temperature' is an example of [class_of_property]. A [class_of_class] is a [class] whose members are instances of [class]. NOTE. When it is necessary to classify a [class_of_class], another [class_of_class] can be used. This is because a [class_of_class] is a [class]. 1 A [class_of_relative_location] is a [class_of_relationship] whose members are instances of [relative_location]. EXAMPLE. Beside, above, and below are examples of [class_of_relative_location]. 1 A [possible_individual] is a [thing] that exists in space and time. This includes: - things where any of the space time dimensions are vanishingly small, - those that are either all space for any time, or all time and any space, - the entirety of all space time - things that actually exist, or have existed, - things that are fictional or conjectured and possibly exist in the past, present or future, - temporal parts (states) of other individuals, - things that have a specific position, but zero extent in one or more dimensions, such as points, lines, and surfaces. In this context existence is based upon being imaginable within some consistent logic, including actual, hypothetical, planned, expected, or required individuals. EXAMPLE The pump with serial number ABC123, Battersea Power Station, Sir Joseph Whitworth, Shakespeare, and the starship "Enterprise" An [abstract_object] is a [thing] that does not exist in space-time. An [individual_dimension] is a [class_of_individual] whose members characterize a particular [possible_individual]. EXAMPLE. The set of lines that are each a diameter of a particular circle. A [property_space] is a [class_of_property] whose members are a coherent continuum of [property]. EXAMPLE 1. The set of temperature properties, known as temperature, is a [property_space]. EXAMPLE 2. The members of the pressure and flow rate [class_of_property] that fall on a particular pump curve is a [property_space]. A [point_in_time] is an [event] that is the whole space extension with zero extent in time. NOTE. In using this part of ISO15926, a [point_in_time] should be represented by a [UTC_representation_of_time]. EXAMPLE. The time known as UTC 1999-05-13T16:31:23.56 is a [point_in_time]. A [shape] is a [property] that depends on constant relations of position and proportionate distance among all the points composing its outline or its external surface. EXAMPLE 1. 20mm diameter circle and 10-20mm diameter circles are examples of [shape]. A [class_of_individual] is a class whose members are instances of [possible_individual]. EXAMPLE. The class known as 'engineer', whose members are people qualified or skilled in engineering principles and practices A [class_of_event] is a [class_of_individual] whose members are members of [event]. EXAMPLE. Continuous and instantaneous are instances of [class_of_event]. A continuous event is one such as a stream boundary flowing through a pipe. A [class_of_abstract_object] is a [class] whose members classify members of [abstract_object]. A [property] is a [class_of_individual] that is a member of a continuum of a [class_of_property]. The [property] may be quantified by mapping to a number on a scale. NOTE 1. A member of a [property] is a [possible_individual] that has the same degree or magnitude of the quality or characteristic represented by the [property] as other members. NOTE 2. The types of characteristic or quality, such as temperature or density, are instances of [class_of_property]. NOTE 3. Duplicate properties (e.g. that map to the same number on the same scale) should not be created within the same data store. EXAMPLE. A particular degree of hotness can be represented as an instance of [property]. An [event] is a [possible_individual] with zero extent in time. An [event] is the temporal boundary of one or more [possible_individual]s, although there may be no knowledge of these [possible_individual]s. EXAMPLE. The connection of power to a pump is an event that marks the beginning of a temporal part of that pump. A [stream] is a [physical_object] that is material or energy moving along a path, where the path is the basis of identity and may be constrained. The stream consists of the temporal parts of those things that are in the stream whilst they are in it. EXAMPLE. Flux is a 4D-constrained case of [stream] where the path crosses a surface. EXAMPLE. The naphtha flowing in a pipe between a crude distillation unit and a platformer is a [stream]. A [period_in_time] is a [possible_individual] that is all space for part of time - a temporal part of the universe. EXAMPLE 1. July 2000 is an instance of [period_in_time]. EXAMPLE 2. The period described by UTC 2000-11-21T06:00 to UTC 2000-11-21T11:53 is an instance of [period_in_time] compliant with ISO8601. A [class_of_relationship] is a <class_of _abstract_object> whose members are members of [relationship]. [class] A [class] is a [thing] that is an understanding of the nature of things and that divides things into those which are members of the class and those which are not according to one or more criteria. The identity of a [class] is ultimately defined by its members. No two classes have the same membership. However, a distinction must be made between a [class] having members, and those members being known, so within an information system the members recorded may change over time, even though the true membership does not change. NOTE 1 The membership of a [class] is unchanging as a result of the spatio-temporal paradigm upon which this schema is based. In another paradigm it might be stated that a car is red at one time, and green at another time, indicating that the class of red things and class of green things changed members. However, using a spatio-temporal paradigm, a temporal part, state 1, of the car is red, and another temporal part of the car, state 2, is green. In this way the members of the classes red and green are unchanging. The same principle applies to future temporal parts as to past temporal parts, it is just more likely that the membership of these is not known. A class may be a member of another class or itself. NOTE 2 The set theory that applies to classes in this model is non-wellfounded set theory [3]. This permits statements like "class is a member of class", unlike traditional set theories such as Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory found in standard texts [4]. There is a null [class] that has no members. NOTE 3 The known members of a [class] are identified by [classification]. EXAMPLE 1 Centrifugal pump is a [class]. EXAMPLE 2 Mechanical equipment type is a [class]. EXAMPLE 3 Temperature is a [class]. EXAMPLE 4 Commercial fusion reactor is a [class]. NOTE 4 Although there is only one [class] that has no members, there can be a [class] that has no members in the actual world, but which does have members in other possible worlds. EXAMPLE 5 Centigrade scale is a [class]. BIBLIOGRAPHY [3] ACZEL, Peter. Non-Well-Founded Sets, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford, California, 1988, ISBN 0937073229. [4] IT K. (editor). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Mathematics, Mathematical Society of Japan, Edition 2, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MIT Press, 1993, ISBN 0262590204. A [class_of_class_of_individual] is a [class_of_class] whose members are instances of [class_of_individual]. EXAMPLE. "Premium Product" is a [class_of_class_of_individual] that has [class_of_individual] "mogas" as a member. A [materialized_physical_object] is a [physical_object] that has matter and/or energy continuity as its basis for identity. Matter or energy continuity requires some matter or energy to be common to adjacent temporal parts of the [materialized_physical_object]. Replacement of some components from time to time does not create a new identity. EXAMPLE. The shell and tube heat exchanger with manufacturer's serial number ES/1234 can be represented by an instance of [materialized_physical_object]. A [physical_object] is a [possible_individual] that is a distribution of matter, energy, or both. EXAMPLE 1. A piece of metal is a [physical_object]. EXAMPLE 2. A tree is a [physical_object] EXAMPLE 3. The thing identified by tag P101 is a [physical_object]. EXAMPLE 4. A light beam is a [physical_object]. EXAMPLE 5. A tank that is built and dismantled on site is both a [materialized_physical_object] and a [functional_physical_object]. A [class_of_isomorphic_functional_mapping] is a [class_of_functional_mapping] that is isomorphic. EXAMPLE. The natural logarithm function is a [class_of_isomorphic_functional_mapping]. A [phase] is a [class_of_arranged_individual] based on the nature of the boundary behaviour of material resulting from its atomic and molecular bonding. NOTE. [phase] excludes types of internal structure such as crystalline. EXAMPLE. The classes known as 'liquid' and 'solid' can be represented by instances of [phase]. A [class_of_number] is a [class_of_class] whose members are members of [arithmetic_number]. EXAMPLE. The class of prime numbers can be represented by an instance [class_of_number]. A [role] is a [role_and_domain] that indicates what some thing has to do with an [activity], [relationship], or [multidimensional_object]. EXAMPLE 1. Employee is a [role] that indicates what a temporal part of a person has to do with an employment relation. EXAMPLE 2. Pumper is a [role] that indicates what a temporal part of a pump has to do with a pumping activity. An [arranged_individual] is a [possible_individual] that has parts that play distinct roles with respect to the whole. The qualities of an [arranged_individual] are distinct from the qualities of its parts. EXAMPLE 1. The vessel with serial number V-1234 is an [arranged_individual]. EXAMPLE 2. The company Bloggs Co. is an [arranged_individual]. EXAMPLE 3. A laptop computer that consists of the main unit with its removable CD-ROM and floppy disk drives and power supply cables. An [arithmetic_number] is a [class_of_class] whose member classes have the same sign and count or magnitude. An [arithmetic_number] is the number itself, not any representation of the number. NOTE. [integer_number] is not a subtype of [real_number]. The members of [integer_number] are part of a different continuum from the members of [real_number], but are isomorphic to a subset of it. EXAMPLE 1. The number 2 and the number 2.0 can be represented by instances of [arithmetic_number]. EXAMPLE 2. Fifteen, the number itself not the English word "fifteen", is an [arithmetic_number]. It could be represented by an [EXPRESS_integer] or an [EXPRESS_real] but could also be represented by "XV", or a binary, or a hexadecimal representation. An [activity] is a [possible_individual] that brings about change by causing the [event] that marks the [beginning], or the [event] that marks the [ending] of a [possible_individual]. An activity consists of the temporal parts of those members of [possible_individual] that participate in the activity. The participating temporal parts will be classified by the [participating_role_and_domain] that indicates the role of the temporal part in the [activity]. EXAMPLE: Pumping a fluid with a mechanical pump can be represented by an instance of [activity]. An [actual_individual] is a [possible_individual] that is a part of the space-time continuum that we inhabit. It exists in the present, past, or future of our universe, as opposed to some imagined universe. NOTE. The things we plan can usually only be assumed to be part of some imagined universe, until they come about. EXAMPLE 1. The Eiffel Tower is an [actual_individual]. EXAMPLE 2. The computer used to edit this ontology is an [actual_individual]. EXAMPLE 3. The fictional character, Sherlock Holmes, is a [possible_individual] who is not an [actual_individual]. EXAMPLE 4. The Earth in the year 2300 (assuming it still exists) is an [actual_individual]. A [class_of_indirect_property] is a [class_of_relationship] that indicates that a member of the [class_of_individual] can possess a member of the [class_of_property] as an [indirect_property] of this type. EXAMPLE. Maximum Allowable Working Pressure is a [class_of_indirect_property] that is indicated by a pressure, and can be possessed by a pressure vessel. 1 1 A [class_of_arranged_individual] is a [class_of_individual] whose members are an arrangement of components. EXAMPLE. Robocop is a [class_of_arranged_individual] that has some parts that are members of some [class_of_inanimate_physical_object] and parts that are members of some [class_of_organism]. NOTE 1. The ONEOF constraint on some of the subtypes does not prevent a particular [possible_individual] from being, say, a member of a particular [arranged_individual] classified by [class_of_biological_matter] and a member of a particular [class_of_composite_material]. It is only the classes themselves that are not members of more than one of the entity types. NOTE 2. Specifications or descriptions of useful objects are often intersections of several arrangement classes, allowing both shape and material aspects to be constrained. In this part of ISO 15926, such intersections are members of [class_of_arranged_individual], [class_of_feature], [class_of_inanimate_physical_object], [class_of_organization], [class_of_activity], [class_of_organism], or [class_of_information_object]. A [class_of_functional_mapping] is a [class_of_relationship] that is a many to one mapping. A [class_of_functional_mapping] is a function. NOTE 1. This entity type would naturally have the name of function. NOTE 2. The significance of a function being a many to one mapping is that the same answer is always obtained. So, for example, 5 - 3 always gives 2. Note that the minus function on two other arguments can also give 2. NOTE 3. When there are several arguments to a function, then these are presented in a [multidimensional_object]. EXAMPLE. Minus is an example of [class_of_functional_mapping]. 1 1 A [functional_physical_object] is a [physical_object] that has functional, rather than material, continuity as its basis for identity. Adjacent temporal parts of a [functional_physical_object] need not have common matter or energy, provided the matter or energy of each temporal part fulfils the same function. EXAMPLE. The heat exchanger system known as tag E-4507, which is part of a distillate transfer system, can be represented by an instance of [functional_physical_object]. Note that this is distinct from the "shell and tube heat exchanger manufacture number ES/1234" that was installed as E-4507 when the plant was first built and later removed when worn out, to be replaced by a new heat exchanger with different serial number. "Shell and tube heat exchanger manufacture number ES/1234" and its differently numbered replacement can be represented by instances of [materialized_physical_object]. When ES/1234 is installed as E-4507 there is a temporal part of ES/1234 that is also a temporal part of E-4507. A [spatial_location] is a [physical_object] that has continuity of relative position. EXAMPLE. Geographic datum, license block, construction area, country, air corridor, maritime traffic zone, hazard control zone, 4D points, lines, planes, solids. A [temporal_bounding] is a [composition_of_individual] that indicates that the part [event] is a temporal boundary of the whole [possible_individual]. A [property_quantification] is a [functional_mapping] whose members map a [property] to an [arithmetic_number]. EXAMPLE The link that maps a particular mass to the number 4.2 can be represented by an instance of [property_quantification]. NOTE 1 The actual representation of the number is done by linking the [arithmetic_number] to a [class_of_EXPRESS_information_representation] via a [class_of_representation_of_thing]. NOTE 2 The unit or scale of the quantification is given by classifying the [property_quantification] by a [scale]. An [indirect_property] is a [relationship] between a [property] and a [possible_individual]. The nature of the [indirect_property] is defined by its [classification] by a [class_of_indirect_property]. A property is indirect when it does not directly apply to the [possible_individual] it applies to, but is derived from some process. NOTE A property is indirect because it does not directly apply. There can only be one temperature that a thing has (at a time), so a Maximum Allowable Working Temperature is not its temperature, but an indirect property derived from doing some tests or calculations to determine its value (as opposed to it being a current measurement). This is what makes it indirect. EXAMPLE A Maximum Allowable Working Pressure of 50 BarA for V101 is specified by an [indirect_property] between the pressure of 50 BarA and V101, classified by the [class_of_indirect_property] Maximum Allowable Working Pressure. NOTE (OWL). domain has the role of possessor, range has the role of property. An [upper_bound_of_property_range] is a [class_of_classification] that indicates that the [property] is the upper bound of the [property_range]. EXAMPLE +20 Celsius is the upper bound of the range -10 to +20 Celsius. A [relative_location] is a [relationship] that indicates that the position of one [possible_individual] is relative to another. NOTE. In the EXPRESS version, the [classification] of the [relative_location] indicates the nature of the [relative_location], e.g. above, below, beside. EXAMPLE: A being the located relative to B being the locator in a [relative_location] that is classified by the [class_of_relative_location] above, indicates that A is above B. In this ontology above, below, etc. are user-defined subclasses of relative_location. NOTE (OWL). domain has the role of located, range has the role of locator. A [temporal_sequence] is a [relationship] that indicates that one [possible_individual] precedes another in a temporal sense. EXAMPLE 1 The [relationship] that indicates that the [possible_individual] that is the construction phase of a plant precedes the [possible_individual] that is the commissioning phase of a plant can be represented by an instance of [temporal_sequence]. EXAMPLE 2 The [relationship] that indicates that the [period_in_time] known as the industrial revolution preceded the [period_in_time] known as the information revolution can be represented by an instance of [temporal_sequence]. NOTE (OWL). domain has the role of predecessor, range has the role of successor. A [recognition] is a [relationship] that indicates that a [thing] is recognized through an [activity]. EXAMPLE Measurement activity #358 recognized that the room was a member of the 20 Celsius [property]. NOTE (OWL). domain has the role of recognized, range has the role of recognizing. A [comparison_of_property] is a [relationship] that indicates the magnitude of one [property] is greater than that of another. EXAMPLE That the temperature in a room is less than that in a furnace can be indicated by an instance of [comparison_of_property]. NOTE (OWL). domain has the role of greater_element, range has the role of lesser_element. A [lifecycle_stage] is a [relationship] that indicates the interest that a [possible_individual] has in some [possible_individual]. EXAMPLE The relation that links a possible building to a temporal part of the XYZ Corp. can be represented by an instance of [lifecycle_stage]. The nature of that [lifecycle_stage] (e.g. 'planned') can be expressed by classifying with the applicable [class_of_lifecycle_stage]. NOTE (OWL). domain has the role of interest, range has the role of interested. A [temporal_whole_part] is a [composition_of_individual] that indicates that one [possible_individual] is a temporal part of another [possible_individual]. The spatial extent of the temporal part is that of the temporal whole for the period of the existence of the temporal part. Relationships that apply to the whole [possible_individual] also apply to the temporal parts of the [possible_individual], except when the relationships relate to the temporal nature of the whole. So if a [possible_individual] is connected so are all its temporal parts, but being a [whole_life_individual] is not inherited by its temporal parts. NOTE Since [temporal_whole_part] is transitive (inherited from its supertype) a hierarchy of temporal parts is possible, with a [whole_life_individual] at the top. EXAMPLE 1 The relation that indicates that an operating period of a pump is a temporal part of the pump EXAMPLE 2 The relationship that indicates that the time period known as March 1999 is part of the period known as 1st Quarter 1999 A [specialization_of_individual_dimension_from_property] is a [specialization] that indicates the members of the dimension are members of the property. EXAMPLE. A diameter of 10m is a length of 10m. A [possible_role_and_domain] is a [relationship] that indicates that a player [possible_individual] can possibly play the played [role_and_domain]. EXAMPLE Acting as an anchor is a possible role for pump 1234. NOTE (OWL). domain has the role of played, range has the role of player. A [specialization_by_role] is a [specialization] that indicates that the [role_and_domain] is of the [role] indicated by the superclass. EXAMPLE. Manufacturing company is a specialization by role of manufacturer. An [indirect_connection] is a [connection_of_individual] that indicates that side_1 and side_2 are connected via other individuals. EXAMPLE The relation that indicates that there is a railway connection between the cities of London and Paris An [individual_used_in_connection] is a [relationship] that indicates that a [possible_individual] is used in a [connection_of_individual]. EXAMPLE The [relationship] between the connection of the flanged ends of two pipes and a temporal part of the bolts, nuts, washers and gasket set that indicates that the bolt and gasket set participates in the connection can be represented by an instance of [individual_used_in_connection]. A [participation] is a [composition_of_individual] that indicates that a [possible_individual] is a participant in an [activity]. NOTE The [possible_individual] that is the part in the [participation] is may be a temporal part of a [whole_life_individual] that is classified by the [role_and_domain] that indicates the role it plays in the [activity]. EXAMPLE The relationship between the temporal part of P1234 that performs the discharge of the Motor Vessel Murex on 2nd December 2002, and the activity that is that discharge of that vessel is a [participation]. A [direct_connection] is a [connection_of_individual] that indicates that the two possible_individuals are directly connected via a common spatial boundary. EXAMPLE. The relation that indicates that the plug terminating a serial communications cable is connected to the socket on a piece of computer equipment A [beginning] is a [temporal_bounding] that marks the temporal start of a [possible_individual]. EXAMPLE 1 The relation that indicates that the [point_in_time] known as 0000hrs 1st July 1999 UTC is the beginning of the [period_in_time] known as July 1999 UTC can be represented by an instance of [beginning]. EXAMPLE 2 The relation that indicates that the [event] 'loading complete' marks the start of the [possible_individual] 'loading plant idle' can be represented by an instance of [beginning]. An [intended_role_and_domain] is a [relationship] that indicates the [role_and_domain] some temporal part of the [possible_individual] is intended to take with respect to some [activity]. EXAMPLE Some [possible_individual] that is classified as a pump is intended to play the [role_and_domain] of a performer in some pumping activity. NOTE (OWL). domain has the role of played, range has the role of player. A [classification] is type of [relationship] that indicates that the classified [thing] is a member of the classifier [class]. [classification] is not transitive. NOTE A subtype of [relationship] is transitive if when A is related to B, and B is related to C in the same way, then A is necessarily related to C in that way. [specialization] and [composition] are examples of transitive subtypes of [relationship]. However, because [classification] is not transitive does not mean that A cannot be related to C in the same way, only that it does not necessarily follow from A being related to B and B being related to C. EXAMPLE 1 The [relationship] that indicates that London is a member of the class known as 'capital city' is a [classification]. EXAMPLE 2 The [relationship] that indicates that 'pump' is a member of the class 'equipment type' is a [classification]. NOTE (OWL). domain has the role of classified, range has the role of classifier. A [lower_bound_of_number_range] is a [relationship] that indicates an [arithmetic_number] is the lowest value in a [number_range]. EXAMPLE 3.1 is the lower bound of the range [3.1 to 5.3]. An [upper_bound_of_number_range] is a [relationship] that indicates an [arithmetic_number] is the largest value in a [number_range]. EXAMPLE 5.3 is the upper bound of the range [3.1 to 5.3]. An [ending] is a [temporal_bounding] that marks the end of a [possible_individual]. EXAMPLE 1 The relation that indicates that the [point_in_time] known as 0000hrs 1st July 1999 GMT is the end of the [period_in_time] known as June 1999 GMT can be represented by an instance of [ending]. EXAMPLE 2 The relation that indicates that the [event] 'loading complete' marks the end of the [possible_individual] 'loading plant operating period 1' (a temporal part of the loading plant) is an instance of [ending]. A [cause_of_event] is a [relationship] that indicates that the caused [event] is caused by the causer [activity]. EXAMPLE The relation that indicates that the tanker loading activity caused the [event] described as 'tank liquid level full' can be represented by an instance of [cause_of_event]. NOTE (OWL). domain has the role of event, range has the role of activity. A [containment_of_individual] is a [relative_location] where the located [possible_individual] is contained by the locator [possible_individual] but is not part of it. EXAMPLE The contents of a vessel being inside the vessel can be represented by an instance of [containment_of_individual]. NOTE Containment is distinct from composition; in composition the whole consists of all of its part, with containment, what is contained is not a part of the container. A [lower_bound_of_property_range] is a [class_of_classification] that indicates that a [property] is the lower bound of a [property_range]. EXAMPLE -10 Celsius is the lower bound of the range -10 to +20 Celsius. A [specialization_by_domain] is a [specialization] that indicates that the member of the [role_and_domain] is a [specialization] of the domain [class]. EXAMPLE. Manufacturing company is a specialization of the company domain. A [specialization] is a [relationship] that indicates that all members of the subclass are members of the superclass. [specialization] is transitive. NOTE If A is a [specialization] of B and B is a [specialization] of C, then A is necessarily a [specialization] of C. EXAMPLE Centrifugal pump is a [specialization] of pump. NOTE (OWL). domain has the role of subclass and range has the role of superclass. A [composition_of_individual] is a [relationship] that indicates that the part [possible_individual] is a part of the whole [possible_individual]. A simple composition is indicated, unless a subtype is instantiated too. [composition_of_individual] is transitive. NOTE Simple composition means that for example no arrangement of parts is necessarily implied or of concern. Where there is an arrangement of parts, this is indicated by an [arrangement_of_individual], which, by being a subtype, implies also a simple composition. EXAMPLE A grain of sand being part of a pile of sand is an example of [composition_of_individual]. NOTE (OWL): domain has the role of whole; range has the role of part. A [connection_of_individual] indicates that matter, energy, or both can be transferred between the members of [possible_individual] that are connected, either directly or indirectly. NOTE. There is no significance to the ordering of the two related instances of [possible_individual]. A [functional_mapping] is a [relationship] that indicates that the input gave the result as determined by the classifying [class_of_functional_mapping]. EXAMPLE The mapping of [5, 3] to 2, classified by the minus function is an example of [functional_mapping]. NOTE (OWL): domain has the role of input, range has the role of result.